Improving Orthometric Heights Using Precise GPS Measurements     

Bishwa Acharya 《GPS Solutions》1995,1(2):113-120

The vertical component obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations is from the ellipsoid (a mathematical surface), and therefore needs to be converted to the orthometric height, which is from the geoid (represented by the mean sea level). The common practice is to use existing bench marks (around the four corners of a project area and interpolate for the rest of the area), but in many areas bench marks may not be available, in which case an existing geoid undulation is used. Present available global geoid undulation values are not generally as detailed as needed, and in many areas they are not known better than ±1 to ±5 m, because of many limitations. This article explains the difficulties encountered in obtaining precise geoid undulation with some example computations, and proposes a technique of applying corrections to the best available global geoid undulations using detailed free-air gravity anomalies (within a 2° × 2° area) to get relative centimeter accuracy. Several test computations have been performed to decide the optimal block sizes and the effective spherical distances to compute the regional and the local effects of gravity anomalies on geoid undulations by using the Stokes integral. In one test computation a 2° × 2° area was subdivided into smaller surface elements. A difference of 37.34 ± 1.6 cm in geoid undulation was obtained over the same 2° × 2° area when 1° × 1° block sizes were replaced by a combination of 5' × 5' and 1' × 1' subdivision integration elements (block sizes).  相似文献   

A neurocomputing approach to predict monsoon rainfall in monthly scale using SST anomaly as a predictor   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Nachiketa Acharya  Surajit Chattopadhyay  Makarand A. Kulkarni  Uma C. Mohanty 《Acta Geophysica》2012,60(1):260-279

A relationship between summer monsoon rainfall and sea surface temperature anomalies was investigated with the aim of predicting the monthly scale rainfall during the summer monsoon period over a section (80°–90°E, 14°–24°N) of eastern India that depends heavily upon the rainfall during the summer monsoon months for its agricultural practices. The association between area-averaged rainfall of June over the study zone and global sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for the period 1982–2008 was examined and the variability of rainfall in monthly scale was calculated. With a view to significant variability in the rainfall in the monthly scale, it was decided to implement the artificial neural network (ANN) for forecasting the monthly scale rainfall using the SST anomalies as a predictor. Finally, the potential of ANN in this prediction has been assessed.  相似文献   

High energy X-γ ray spectrometer on the Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon     

J. N. Goswami  D. Banerjee  N. Bhandari  M. Shanmugam  Y. B. Acharya  D. V. Subhedar  M. R. Sharma  C. N. Umapathy  P. Sreekumar  M. Sudhakar  L. Abraham  P. C. Agrawal 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(6):733-738

The Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon scheduled for launch in late 2007 will include a high energy X-ray spectrometer (HEX) for detection of naturally occurring emissions from the lunar surface due to radioactive decay of the²³⁸U and²³²Th series nuclides in the energy region 20–250 keV. The primary science objective is to study the transport of volatiles on the lunar surface by detection of the 46.5 keV line from radioactive²¹⁰Pb, a decay product of the gaseous²²²Rn, both of which are members of the²³⁸U decay series. Mapping of U and Th concentration over the lunar surface, particularly in the polar and U-Th rich regions will also be attempted through detection of prominent lines from the U and Th decay series in the above energy range. The low signal strengths of these emissions require a detector with high sensitivity and good energy resolution. Pixelated Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CZT) array detectors having these characteristics will be used in this experiment. Here we describe the science considerations that led to this experiment, anticipated flux and background (lunar continuum), the choice of detectors, the proposed payload configuration and plans for its realization  相似文献   

Wind-induced hydrodynamic changes impact on sediment resuspension for large,shallow Lake Taihu,China     

Abdul Jalil  Yiping Li  Ke Zhang  Xiaomeng Gao  Wencai Wang  Hafiz Osama Sarwar Khan  Baozhu Pan  Salar Ali  Kumud Acharya 《国际泥沙研究》2019,34(3):205-215

The internal sediment release is a key factor controlling eutrophication processes in large,shallow lakes.Sediment resuspension is associated with the wave and current induced shear stress in large,shallow lakes.The current study investigated the wind field impacts on sediment resuspension from the bottom at Meiliang Bay of large,shallow Lake Taihu.The impacts of the wind field on the wave,current,and wave-current combined shear stresses were calculated.The critical wind speed range was 4–6 m/s after which wave and current shear stress started to increase abruptly,and onshore wind directions were found to be mainly responsible for greater shear stress at the bottom of Lake Taihu.A second order polynomial fitting correlation was found between wave(R^2 0.4756)and current(R^2 0.4466)shear stresses with wind speed.Wave shear stress accounted for 92.5% of the total shear stress at Meiliang Bay.The critical wave shear stress and critical total shear stress were 0.13 N/m^2 for sediment resuspension whereas the current shear stress was 0.019 N/m^2 after which suspended sediment concentrations(SSC)increased abruptly.A second order polynomial fitting correlation was found between wave(R^2 0.739),current(R^2 0.6264),and total shear stress(R^2 0.7394)with SSC concentrations at Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu.The sediment resuspension rate was 120 to 738 g/m^2/d during 4–6 m/s onshore winds while offshore winds contributed ≥ 200 g/m^2/d.The study results reveal the driving mechanism for understanding the role of the wind field in sediment resuspension while considering wind speed and direction as control parameters to define wave and current shear stresses.  相似文献   

多目标优化下平原河网引调水改善水环境效果评估     

潘泓哲  李一平  唐春燕  Kumud Achary  姚向阳  张剑  朱雅  程一鑫  程月  于珊  岳桢铻 《湖泊科学》2021,33(4):1138-1152

引调水是改善平原河网地区水环境的重要方法之一,通过构建太湖流域走马塘东南片平原河网区一维水动力水质数学模型,研究不同引调水方案对区域水环境改善效果,确定引调水过程中的异质性因子.从决策目标、水质指标、空间指标3个层面综合考虑,构建环境效益与经济效益结合的多目标函数及评价体系,对引调水方案进行评估优选.结果表明:引调水流量较大时,能够在一定程度上改善区域水环境状况,规划方案下引调水5 d后,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷的平均改善率分别为30.7%、22.2%、26.4%;引调水时,区域河网中不同空间点位、不同水质指标之间的水质改善过程与效果都存在一定异质性;引调水水量、调度模式及污染源分布都会对调水后的河网区水质产生差异性影响;本研究建立的多目标评价体系较现有方法能够有效涵盖引调水中存在的异质性因子,从多个目标层面优选引调水方案,实现水量水质综合优化调控,为平原河网地区水环境长效管理与科学决策提供理论参考.  相似文献